ఏపీపీఎస్సీ గ్రూప్-1 ప్రిలిమ్స్ 2002

284 ప్రశ్నలు, ప్రతిదానికి అధికారిక సమాధానం మరియు వివరణ.

ఒకే ప్రశ్న పలు సంవత్సరాల్లో వస్తే, మొదటిసారి అడిగిన సంవత్సరం కింద చూపిస్తాం.

121. Q121India: physiography, drainage and climate

     Bhima is a tributary to what?

     • aKrishnaసరైన సమాధానం
     • bGodavari
     • cNarmada
     • dKaveri
     ›వివరణ

     Option A is correct because the Bhima River is a major tributary of the Krishna River, rising in the Bhimashankar hills in Maharashtra and joining the Krishna near Raichur. Option B: Incorrect because the Godavari's prominent tributaries include the Pranhita, Indravati, and Manjira, not the Bhima. Option C: Incorrect because the Narmada flows west through a rift valley and receives tributaries such as the Tawa and Hiran. Option D: Incorrect because the Kaveri's major tributaries include the Kabini, Bhavani, Hemavati, and Amravati.

122. Q122India: physiography, drainage and climate

     The state with the most black soil region is

     • aAssam
     • bBihar
     • cPunjab
     • dMaharashtraసరైన సమాధానం
     ›వివరణ

     Option D is correct because Maharashtra covers the largest expanse of the Deccan Trap, giving it the largest area under black soil in the country. Option A: Assam is dominated by alluvial and red loamy soils formed by the Brahmaputra system. Option B: Bihar is predominantly covered by Gangetic alluvial soil. Option C: Punjab consists almost entirely of alluvial soils deposited by the Indus tributaries.

123. Q123Agricultural geography: crops and their regions

     What is Podu agriculture called in Assam?

     • aBewar
     • bPadu
     • cJhumసరైన సమాధానం
     • dOnam
     ›వివరణ

     Option C is correct because the traditional slash and burn or shifting cultivation practiced across Assam and the rest of North-East India is called Jhum. Option A: Bewar is the regional name for shifting cultivation in parts of Madhya Pradesh. Option B: Padu is a misspelling of Podu, which is the regional name used in Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. Option D: Onam is an annual harvest festival celebrated in Kerala, not an agricultural practice.

124. Q124Agricultural geography: crops and their regions

     A good example of an interstate irrigation project in India?

     • aIdukki
     • bLower Sileru
     • cGandakసరైన సమాధానం
     • dSabarigiri
     ›వివరణ

     Option C is correct because the Gandak Project is an interstate irrigation and power project jointly undertaken by Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, which also provides water to neighboring Nepal under a bilateral treaty. Option A: Idukki is an intra-state hydroelectric project located wholly within Kerala on the Periyar River. Option B: Lower Sileru is an intra-state hydro-electric scheme located entirely within Andhra Pradesh. Option D: Sabarigiri is a hydroelectric project situated completely within Kerala on the Pamba and Kakki rivers.

125. Q125Agricultural geography: crops and their regions

     Tank irrigation is common in South India. In which of the following pairs of states is tank irrigation highest?

     • aKarnataka and Maharashtra
     • bTamil Nadu and Karnataka
     • cTamil Nadu and Andhra Pradeshసరైన సమాధానం
     • dAndhra Pradesh and Maharashtra
     ›వివరణ

     Option C is correct because tank irrigation is most extensively developed in the hard-rock terrain of peninsular India, with Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh possessing the highest proportion of tank-irrigated agricultural land. Option A: Maharashtra relies primarily on wells and surface flow projects rather than tank irrigation networks. Option B: Karnataka uses tank irrigation in its southern maidan region, but its overall acreage under tanks is lower than that of Andhra Pradesh. Option D: Maharashtra has a very low percentage of net irrigated area served by tanks compared to Tamil Nadu.

126. Q126Industrial location and industrial regions

     Among the following groups of cities mentioned, in which group of cities are BHEL factories located?

     • aBhopal, Hyderabad, Pinjore
     • bHaridwar, Tiruchirappalli, Srinagar
     • cDelhi, Mumbai, Kolkata
     • dBhopal, Hyderabad, Tiruchirappalliసరైన సమాధానం
     ›వివరణ

     Option D is correct because Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) operates major manufacturing divisions in all three cities: Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh, Hyderabad in Telangana, and Tiruchirappalli in Tamil Nadu. Option A: Pinjore hosts a manufacturing facility of Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT), not BHEL. Option B: Srinagar does not host a major manufacturing division of BHEL. Option C: Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata house regional or corporate offices, but they are not the prominent manufacturing unit locations among the given groups.

127. Q127Transport, communication, trade and tourism

     National Highway Number 1 connects which cities?

     • aDelhi - Amritsarసరైన సమాధానం
     • bDelhi - Agra
     • cDelhi - Kolkata
     • dDelhi - Chennai
     ›వివరణ

     Option A is correct because under the historical national highway numbering system, National Highway 1 ran from Delhi to Amritsar and onwards to the Indo-Pak border at Attari. Old NH 1 route: Delhi - Ambala - Jalandhar - Amritsar Option B: Delhi to Agra was designated as National Highway 2 under the old numbering scheme. Option C: Delhi to Kolkata was connected along the entire stretch of National Highway 2. Option D: Delhi to Chennai is aligned primarily along National Highway 44, not NH 1.

128. Q128Population, settlement and human geography

     Which of the following is the state with the lowest population?

     • aSikkimసరైన సమాధానం
     • bGoa
     • cMeghalaya
     • dArunachal Pradesh
     ›వివరణ

     Option A is correct because Sikkim has the lowest total population among all Indian states, with just over six lakh residents recorded in the 2011 Census. Sikkim: 6.1 lakh Goa: 14.6 lakh Arunachal Pradesh: 13.8 lakh Meghalaya: 29.7 lakh Option B: Goa has over fourteen lakh people, more than double the population of Sikkim. Option C: Meghalaya has nearly thirty lakh people, making it significantly larger in population than Sikkim. Option D: Arunachal Pradesh has nearly fourteen lakh people, which is well above Sikkim's population.

129. Q129Population, settlement and human geography

     Which of the following is a nomadic tribe that always moves to different places without a permanent residence?

     • aEskimo
     • bBoro
     • cPygmyసరైన సమాధానం
     • dMaasai

     అధికారిక సమాధానం చూపించాం. వివరణ సమీక్షలో ఉంది.

130. Q130Population, settlement and human geography

     The Semang tribes live in the following region?

     • aAmazon Basin
     • bZaire Basin
     • cIndonesia
     • dMalaysiaసరైన సమాధానం
     ›వివరణ

     Option D is correct because the Semang are an indigenous nomadic hunting and gathering Negrito people inhabiting the mountainous rainforests of peninsular Malaysia. Option A: Amazon Basin is primarily home to indigenous Amerindian tribes such as the Yanomami and Ticuna. Option B: Zaire Basin in central Africa is inhabited by Bambuti and Batwa pygmy groups, not the Semang. Option C: Indonesia is inhabited by ethnic groups like the Dayak, Toraja, and various Papuan tribes, whereas the Semang strictly belong to the Malay Peninsula.

131. Q131World regional geography

     Which of the following are the two continents separated by the Mediterranean Sea?

     • aAsia and Europe
     • bEurope and Africaసరైన సమాధానం
     • cNorth America and South America
     • dAsia and Africa
     ›వివరణ

     Option B is correct because the Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea positioned directly between Southern Europe to its north and Northern Africa to its south. Option A: Asia and Europe are divided by land barriers including the Ural Mountains and the Caucasus, along with the Black Sea and Turkish Straits. Option C: North America and South America are linked by the Isthmus of Panama and bordered by the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Option D: Asia and Africa are separated primarily by the Red Sea and the Isthmus of Suez.

132. Q132World regional geography

     What is the capital of Somalia?

     • aMogadishuసరైన సమాధానం
     • bJohannesburg
     • cAnkara
     • dDar-es-Salaam
     ›వివరణ

     Option A is correct because Mogadishu, located on the coastal Indian Ocean, is the official capital and most populous city of Somalia. Option B: Johannesburg is a prominent commercial hub and city in South Africa, not Somalia. Option C: Ankara is the capital city of Turkey. Option D: Dar-es-Salaam is a major port and the largest commercial city of Tanzania.

133. Q133World regional geography

     Which is the highest airport in the world?

     • aKathmandu
     • bLhasaసరైన సమాధానం
     • cThimphu
     • dTashkent
     ›వివరణ

     Option B is correct because among the given choices, Lhasa Gonggar Airport in Tibet is situated at the highest altitude, standing at approximately 3,570 metres above sea level. Option A: Kathmandu airport lies at an altitude of about 1,338 metres, which is much lower than Lhasa. Option C: Thimphu is served by Paro Airport at an elevation of roughly 2,235 metres, lower than Lhasa. Option D: Tashkent International Airport sits at an elevation of only around 430 metres.

134. Q134World regional geography

     The Saint Lawrence River, belonging to North America, originates from the eastern end of which of the following lakes?

     • aMichigan
     • bErie
     • cOntarioసరైన సమాధానం
     • dSuperior
     ›వివరణ

     Option C is correct because the Saint Lawrence River serves as the primary outflow of the entire Great Lakes basin, emerging from the northeastern tip of Lake Ontario to flow into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Lake Superior drains into Lake Huron Lake Michigan drains into Lake Huron Lake Huron drains into Lake Erie Lake Erie drains into Lake Ontario Lake Ontario drains into the Saint Lawrence River Option A: Lake Michigan connects with Lake Huron through the Straits of Mackinac, not with the Saint Lawrence River. Option B: Lake Erie empties into Lake Ontario via the Niagara River. Option D: Lake Superior drains into Lake Huron through the Saint Marys River.

135. Q135Mapping India: the Survey of India, remote sensing and applied geography

     Which of the following organizations prepares India's topographical maps?

     • aGeological Survey of India
     • bSurvey of Indiaసరైన సమాధానం
     • cMinistry of Defence
     • dNational Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation
     ›వివరణ

     Option B is correct because Survey of India, established in 1767 under the Department of Science and Technology, is the National Survey and Mapping Organization of the country tasked with preparing all topographical maps. Option A: Geological Survey of India is responsible for geological mapping, mineral resource assessments, and geoscientific studies, not general topographical maps. Option C: Ministry of Defence oversees national security and defence policies, relying on the Survey of India for military mapping rather than producing civilian topographic series. Option D: National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation focuses specifically on preparing thematic maps and national atlases.

136. Q136Mapping India: the Survey of India, remote sensing and applied geography

     To cause artificial rain, which of the following substances is sprayed into the clouds?

     • aPotassium iodide
     • bSilver iodideసరైన సమాధానం
     • cSilver nitrate
     • dCopper sulfate
     ›వివరణ

     Option B is correct because silver iodide possesses a hexagonal crystal lattice almost identical to natural water ice, allowing it to act as an exceptionally potent ice nucleating agent to produce artificial rain from supercooled clouds. Option A: Incorrect because potassium iodide does not have the ice-like crystal structure needed to function effectively as a glaciogenic seeding agent. Option C: Incorrect because silver nitrate is a caustic laboratory salt and strong oxidizer unsuitable for aerial environmental dispersal. Option D: Incorrect because copper sulfate is an agricultural fungicide and algaecide with no ice nucleation capability.

137. Q137India state by state: capitals, districts and where places are

     Which of the following is correctly matched?

     • aMeghalaya - Kohima
     • bAndhra Pradesh - Hyderabadసరైన సమాధానం
     • cMizoram - Shillong
     • dTripura - Imphal
     ›వివరణ

     Option B is correct because under Section 5 of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, Hyderabad was designated as the common capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for a period not exceeding ten years. Meghalaya: Shillong Nagaland: Kohima Mizoram: Aizawl Tripura: Agartala Manipur: Imphal Option A: Incorrect because Kohima is the capital of Nagaland, while the capital of Meghalaya is Shillong. Option C: Incorrect because Shillong is the capital of Meghalaya, while the capital of Mizoram is Aizawl. Option D: Incorrect because Imphal is the capital of Manipur, while the capital of Tripura is Agartala.

138. Q138India state by state: capitals, districts and where places are

     'Bhimgaon' is located in the following state?

     • aUttar Pradeshసరైన సమాధానం
     • bMadhya Pradesh
     • cAndhra Pradesh
     • dBihar

     అధికారిక సమాధానం చూపించాం. వివరణ సమీక్షలో ఉంది.

139. Q139STATE GEOGRAPHY: the ground both states stand on

     According to the 2001 Census, what is the female-male ratio in Andhra Pradesh?

     • a927
     • b978సరైన సమాధానం
     • c950
     • d960
     ›వివరణ

     Option B is correct because as per the Census 2001, the sex ratio of Andhra Pradesh was recorded at 978 females per 1,000 males. Andhra Pradesh sex ratio in 2001: 978 Andhra Pradesh sex ratio in 2011: 997 India national sex ratio in 2001: 933 Option A: 927 is the child sex ratio of India in 2001, not the state overall sex ratio. Option C: 950 is an incorrect figure. Option D: 960 is an incorrect figure.

140. Q140STATE GEOGRAPHY: the ground both states stand on

     Between 1991-2001, by what extent did the population growth in Andhra Pradesh decline?

     • aFrom 24 percent to 21 percent
     • bFrom 21 percent to 18 percent
     • cFrom 24 percent to 13 percentసరైన సమాధానం
     • dFrom 18 percent to 15 percent
     ›వివరణ

     Option C is correct because Andhra Pradesh witnessed a sharp fertility transition that caused its decadal population growth rate to plummet from 24.20 percent during 1981-1991 down to 13.86 percent during 1991-2001. 1981-1991 growth rate: 24.20 percent 1991-2001 growth rate: 13.86 percent Option A: From 24 percent to 21 percent severely underestimates the scale of fertility reduction achieved during that decade. Option B: From 21 percent to 18 percent cites incorrect baseline and end-period growth rates. Option D: From 18 percent to 15 percent does not correspond to the census growth metrics of undivided Andhra Pradesh.

141. Q141ANDHRA PRADESH ONLY: the coast and what bifurcation left it

     Andhra Pradesh Krishna Sani separates the following?

     • aKrishna region from Nalgonda region
     • bGuntur region from Krishna regionసరైన సమాధానం
     • cKurnool region from Guntur region
     • dKrishna region from Kurnool region
     ›వివరణ

     Option B is correct because the River Krishna acts as a natural geographical boundary separating the Guntur region on its southern bank from the Krishna region on its northern bank. Option A: Nalgonda is separated from Guntur and coastal regions by the river upstream, not from Krishna region. Option C: Kurnool is located in the Rayalaseema plateau, far upstream from Guntur, and is not separated from Guntur by this stretch. Option D: Kurnool and Krishna districts do not share this river boundary segment.

142. Q142Ecology and ecosystems

     What is the primary source of energy for an ecosystem?

     • aGlucose
     • bProtein
     • cFats (Lipids)
     • dSunlightసరైన సమాధానం
     ›వివరణ

     Option D is correct because sunlight is the ultimate and primary source of radiant energy that drives photosynthesis in autotrophs, powering virtually all terrestrial and aquatic food webs. Option A: Glucose is a secondary chemical product synthesized by producers to store solar energy, not the primary energy source of the ecosystem. Option B: Protein is a structural and functional macromolecule built by organisms, not the primary environmental energy input. Option C: Fats are storage biomolecules derived from metabolic processes, not the external primary energy driving the ecosystem.

143. Q143Ecology and ecosystems

     Mangrove forests (Mangroves) mean?

     • aAquatic plants
     • bSaltwater plantsసరైన సమాధానం
     • cFruit-bearing plants
     • dFreshwater algae
     ›వివరణ

     Option B is correct because mangroves are specialized halophytic trees and shrubs adapted to live in saline coastal and intertidal waters. Option A: Aquatic plants is too general and typically refers to hydrophytes submerged in freshwater, not saline-adapted coastal woody trees. Option C: Fruit-bearing plants describes typical terrestrial angiosperms, which does not capture the salt-tolerant nature of mangrove vegetation. Option D: Freshwater algae are simple non-vascular aquatic organisms that thrive without salinity, directly contrary to mangroves.

144. Q144Environment and health

     The pollutant that causes 'Minimata' disease?

     • aMercuryసరైన సమాధానం
     • bLead
     • cCadmium
     • dCopper
     ›వివరణ

     Option A is correct because the industrial release of methylmercury into Minamata Bay in Japan poisoned the local aquatic food chain and caused the neurological syndrome named Minamata disease. Option B: Lead is associated with plumbism and cognitive disorders, not Minamata disease. Option C: Cadmium contamination causes Itai-Itai disease, not Minamata disease. Option D: Copper excess typically causes acute gastrointestinal distress or Wilson disease symptoms, not Minamata disease.

145. Q145Social movements after independence

     Who among the following is a prominent environmentalist in India?

     • aMedha Patkarసరైన సమాధానం
     • bMamata Banerjee
     • cSarojini Maharshi
     • dMargaret Alva
     ›వివరణ

     Option A is correct because Medha Patkar is an internationally recognised Indian environmentalist and social activist who spearheaded the Narmada Bachao Andolan to safeguard riverine ecosystems and rehabilitate displaced communities. Option B: Mamata Banerjee is a prominent politician and Chief Minister of West Bengal, not an environmentalist. Option C: Sarojini Maharshi is not known as a prominent figure in India's environmental movement. Option D: Margaret Alva is a senior Indian politician and former Union Minister and Governor, not an environmental activist.

146. Q146Social movements after independence

     Anna Hazare is known for the following matter?

     • aWater catchment area developmentసరైన సమాధానం
     • bRural education
     • cTribal development
     • dCooperative movement development
     ›వివరణ

     Option A is correct because Anna Hazare transformed the drought-prone village of Ralegan Siddhi in Maharashtra through extensive watershed management, water catchment development, and rainwater harvesting techniques. Option B: Rural education was part of overall village welfare, but not the primary pioneering field for which his developmental work gained nationwide acclaim. Option C: Tribal development does not describe his core project, as Ralegan Siddhi is not a tribal settlement. Option D: Cooperative movement development famously belongs to milk and sugar cooperatives led by leaders like Verghese Kurien or Vasantdada Patil, not Anna Hazare.

147. Q147Science, technology and society

     The famous scientist (Agricultural Scientist) who received the Nobel Peace Prize?

     • aH.G. Khorana
     • bM.S. Swaminathan
     • cNorman Borlaugసరైన సమాధానం
     • dR.N. Mishra
     ›వివరణ

     Option C is correct because Norman Borlaug, an American agricultural scientist known as the Father of the Green Revolution, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for developing semi-dwarf, high-yielding wheat varieties that prevented catastrophic famines. Option A: Har Gobind Khorana won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968, not the Nobel Peace Prize. Option B: M.S. Swaminathan was the father of India's Green Revolution and received the first World Food Prize, but never the Nobel Peace Prize. Option D: R.N. Mishra was an Indian ecologist and academic who was never awarded a Nobel Prize.

148. Q148Space technology

     In November 2002, the remote kuhānu to be launched, whom will it amiśamgā attract?

     • aAstronomersసరైన సమాధానం
     • bOceanographers
     • cEconomists
     • dZoologists

     వివరణ త్వరలో.

149. Q149Space technology

     For what purpose was the Space Shuttle Discovery, sent in December 1999, launched?

     • aTo install global warming in space
     • bTo install the Hubble Telescopeసరైన సమాధానం
     • cTo take photographs of stars
     • dTo take photographs of interstellar planets
     ›వివరణ

     Option B is correct because the Space Shuttle Discovery flight STS-103, launched in December 1999, was a dedicated Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission sent to install critical replacement gyroscopes and new computer systems. Option A: To install global warming in space is incorrect because global warming is a planetary climatic phenomenon that cannot be installed. Option C: To take photographs of stars is incorrect because Discovery's primary objective was servicing and upgrading the Hubble telescope, not acting as an independent stellar camera. Option D: To take photographs of interstellar planets is incorrect because the shuttle flew in low Earth orbit for telescope maintenance, not exoplanetary imaging.

150. Q150Space technology

     In May 1999 and again in October 2001, PSLV vehicles sent by Europe commercially launched foreign satellites into space. Which of the following pairs is incorrectly mentioned?

     • a1) PROBA - Belgium
     • b2) BIRD - Germany
     • c3) KITSAT - South Korea
     • d4) TUBSAT - Italyసరైన సమాధానం
     ›వివరణ

     Option D is correct because the DLR-TUBSAT satellite was developed by the Technical University of Berlin in Germany, not Italy. Option A: Incorrect because PROBA is correctly matched with the European Space Agency and Belgium. Option B: Incorrect because BIRD (Bispectral and Infra-Red Optical Detection) is correctly paired with Germany. Option C: Incorrect because KITSAT-3 was developed by the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology in South Korea.

151. Q151Defence technology

     Which of the following is a missile created by India that can be launched from ship to ship?

     • aAgni
     • bBrahMos
     • cDhanushసరైన సమాధానం
     • dAkash

     అధికారిక సమాధానం చూపించాం. వివరణ సమీక్షలో ఉంది.

152. Q152Nuclear technology

     Which nuclear fuel is produced when bombarded with neutrons?

     • a1) Narrative water
     • b2) Hydrogen sulfide
     • c3) Uranium-233సరైన సమాధానం
     • d4) Heavy water
     ›వివరణ

     Option C is correct because when fertile Thorium-232 is bombarded with neutrons in a reactor, it captures a neutron and undergoes beta decay to produce Uranium-233, which is a fissile nuclear fuel. Option A: Narrative water is a nonsensical distractor and not a nuclear fuel. Option B: Hydrogen sulfide is a chemical compound used in heavy water production via the Girdler sulfide process, not a fissile fuel. Option D: Heavy water is used as a neutron moderator and coolant, not a nuclear fuel produced by neutron capture.

153. Q153Biotechnology and genetic engineering

     The branch of botany that separates and combines living matter?

     • aHorticulture
     • bAgriculture
     • cTissue cultureసరైన సమాధానం
     • dFloriculture
     ›వివరణ

     Option C is correct because tissue culture involves isolating protoplasts, cells, tissues, or organs from a plant and culturing them in vitro, enabling techniques like protoplast fusion where living cellular matter is combined. Option A: Incorrect because horticulture is the broad science and art of cultivating fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants. Option B: Incorrect because agriculture is the general practice of farming, including soil cultivation and livestock rearing. Option D: Incorrect because floriculture is a branch of horticulture strictly focusing on the cultivation and marketing of flowering and ornamental plants.

154. Q154Biotechnology and genetic engineering

     Triple antigen is

     • aA vaccine that prevents Tetanus, Whooping cough, Diphtheriaసరైన సమాధానం
     • bA vaccine that prevents Malaria, Typhoid, Cancer
     • cA vaccine that prevents Polio, Rabies, Hepatitis
     • dA mixture of viruses that create Tetanus, Diphtheria, Whooping cough
     ›వివరణ

     Option A is correct because the triple antigen, commonly known as the DPT vaccine, confers active immunization against three major bacterial diseases: diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus. Option B: Malaria, typhoid, and cancer are not targeted by the DPT formulation, as malaria is caused by a protozoan and cancer is a non-communicable disease. Option C: Polio, rabies, and hepatitis are viral infections prevented by their own specific vaccines, not the triple antigen. Option D: Triple antigen is a blend of bacterial toxoids and killed bacteria, not active viruses that cause disease.

155. Q155SCHOOL BIOLOGY: life sciences as the papers actually ask them

     The mineral silica is present in the body of this?

     • aDiatomసరైన సమాధానం
     • bEuglena
     • cCoelenterata
     • dDesmid
     ›వివరణ

     Option A is correct because diatoms have a distinctive cell wall called a frustule that is heavily impregnated with hydrated silica. Option B: Euglena lacks a cell wall and silica, having an outer proteinaceous covering called a pellicle. Option C: Coelenterata are multicellular aquatic animals that do not possess a body wall formed of silica. Option D: Desmid is a group of freshwater green algae whose cell walls are composed mainly of cellulose and pectin.

156. Q156SCHOOL BIOLOGY: life sciences as the papers actually ask them

     The theory confirmed by Miller's experiment?

     • aSpecial creation
     • bSpontaneous origin
     • cEternity of life
     • dChemical evolutionసరైన సమాధానం
     ›వివరణ

     Option D is correct because the 1953 Miller-Urey experiment successfully produced organic compounds, including amino acids, from an abiotic mixture of gases subjected to electric sparks, confirming the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis of chemical evolution. Option A: Special creation is a philosophical belief that life was formed instantly by a supernatural act, which is outside the scope of scientific verification. Option B: Spontaneous origin, in the traditional sense of complex organisms arising spontaneously from non-living matter, was disproved by Louis Pasteur. Option C: Eternity of life proposes that life never had an origin and has always existed throughout cosmic time, which is refuted by modern evolutionary biology.

157. Q157SCHOOL BIOLOGY: life sciences as the papers actually ask them

     At what age does bamboo flower?

     • a1) 3 years
     • b2) 12 years
     • c3) 10 years
     • d4) 48 yearsసరైన సమాధానం
     ›వివరణ

     Option D is correct because several major bamboo species, notably Melocanna baccifera which is prominent across India, exhibit a synchronized gregarious flowering cycle of approximately 48 years. Option A: 3 years is far too short, as bamboo vegetative phases typically last several decades before flowering. Option B: 12 years is the flowering cycle of Strobilanthes kunthiana (Neelakurinji), not the standard gregarious bamboo cycle referred to here. Option C: 10 years does not correspond to the well-documented masting intervals of major Indian bamboo species.

158. Q158SCHOOL BIOLOGY: life sciences as the papers actually ask them

     The following element is present in chlorophyll?

     • aCobalt
     • bIron
     • cMagnesiumసరైన సమాధానం
     • dCalcium
     ›వివరణ

     Option C is correct because magnesium is the central metallic ion coordinated within the tetrapyrrole porphyrin ring of the chlorophyll molecule, essential for absorbing light during photosynthesis. Option A: Cobalt is the central metal ion of vitamin B12 (cobalamin), not chlorophyll. Option B: Iron is present in cytochromes and hemoglobin, and acts as a cofactor in chlorophyll synthesis, but is not part of the chlorophyll molecule itself. Option D: Calcium is found in the cell wall middle lamella and plays a signaling role, not located in chlorophyll.

159. Q159SCHOOL BIOLOGY: life sciences as the papers actually ask them

     From which part of the saffron plant is saffron collected?

     • aDried flower buds
     • bStigmaసరైన సమాధానం
     • cDried sepals
     • dDried petals
     ›వివరణ

     Option B is correct because commercial saffron is harvested exclusively from the dried stigmas along with the upper styles of the purple saffron crocus flower (Crocus sativus). Option A: Dried flower buds describe cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), not saffron. Option C: Dried sepals form the calyx and are discarded during saffron processing. Option D: Dried petals lack the aromatic compounds and intense coloring agents of saffron.

160. Q160SCHOOL BIOLOGY: life sciences as the papers actually ask them

     Guard cells are present in?

     • aPhloem
     • bStomataసరైన సమాధానం
     • cSkin glands
     • dXylem tissue
     ›వివరణ

     Option B is correct because guard cells are specialized, chloroplast-containing epidermal cells that flank and regulate the aperture of the stomatal pore. Option A: Phloem consists of sieve elements, companion cells, fibres, and parenchyma, and does not contain guard cells. Option C: Skin glands are secretory structures found in animal integument, completely unrelated to plant guard cells. Option D: Xylem tissue consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres, and xylem parenchyma, without any stomatal guard cells.