2020 · GS Paper 4 · Q6(c) · 10 marks
what do each of the following quotations mean to you? "A system of morality which is based on relative emotional values is a mere illusion, a thoroughly vulgar conception which has nothing sound in it and nothing true." – Socrates
In short
Socrates means that a morality resting on shifting emotions is unreliable, and that right conduct needs reasoned principles tempered by compassion. In Navtej Singh Johar (2018), the Supreme Court held that constitutional morality, not majoritarian sentiment, must decide rights.
Model answer
Ghissu Editorial · Verified 4 Oct 2026 · 283 words
Feelings are unstable
Anger, fear and group loyalty vary across people and moments, so emotional morality cannot guide consistent action.
Reason gives firm ground
Kant's Categorical Imperative asks whether one's rule could hold universally, a test that feelings alone cannot pass.
Emotion still has a place
Compassion moves us to act, but reason must decide what is right.
Mob justice
Rumour-driven lynchings led to the Tehseen Poonawalla (2018) guidelines, and Section 103(2) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 now punishes group murder on grounds such as caste or community.
Constitutional over popular morality
Navtej Singh Johar (2018) held that constitutional morality, not majoritarian sentiment, decides rights.
Outrage culture
Demands to ban films or books over hurt sentiments replace judgement with feeling, though S. Rangarajan (1989) refused to let free expression be held hostage to threats.
Impartial administration
An officer swayed by sympathy or caste affinity loses the objectivity the Nolan principles demand.
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This chapter in the exam
Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from the world14 questions
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Question from the official UPSC Civil Services (Main) Examination 2020 paper. Answer written by Ghissu's engine and checked against our editorial standards. Found an error? Tell us and we correct it within 48 hours.