2025 · GS Paper 3 · Q19 · 15 marks
What are the major challenges to internal security and peace process in the North-Eastern States ? Map the various peace accords and agreements initiated by the government in the past decade.
In short
Internal security in the North-East is threatened by ethnic polarisation in Manipur, a porous Myanmar border, narco-insurgency and stalled Naga talks, even as a decade of accords has brought many groups overground. Key accords include the Naga Framework Agreement (2015), the Bodo Accord (2020) and the ULFA accord (2023).
Model answer
Ghissu Editorial · Verified 4 Oct 2026 · 293 words
Ethnic polarisation
The Manipur violence killed over 250 people and displaced about 60,000, with looted police weapons still in circulation.
Porous Myanmar border
Insurgent camps in Sagaing and the post-2021 refugee inflow led the Centre to scrap the Free Movement Regime in 2024.
Stalled Naga talks and holdouts
The 2015 Framework Agreement is stuck on a separate flag and constitution, while ULFA(I) stays out of talks.
Trust deficit
The Oting killings (2021) revived anger against AFSPA, and slow delivery of accord promises risks fresh discontent.
Ending armed movements
The Bodo Accord (2020) created the Bodoland Territorial Region, and the UNLF deal (2023) was the first with a Manipur valley group.
Autonomy, displacement and boundaries
Karbi and Adivasi pacts addressed identity demands, the Bru Agreement (2020) resettled Bru families in Tripura, and the Assam-Meghalaya MoU (2022) settled border disputes.
Implementation and dialogue
An MHA cell should track accord delivery, while inclusive talks with recovery of looted arms must heal Manipur.
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Question from the official UPSC Civil Services (Main) Examination 2025 paper. Answer written by Ghissu's engine and checked against our editorial standards. Found an error? Tell us and we correct it within 48 hours.