Discuss India's present composition of energy sources and future energy security scenario in the context…

Question

Discuss India's present composition of energy sources and future energy security scenario in the context of growing energy demand.

Ghissu Editorial · Accepted Answer

India's energy mix is dominated by coal and imported oil, though non-fossil sources formed about 45.5 percent of installed power capacity by June 2024. With demand set to rise two to two-and-a-half times by 2047, security depends on renewables, storage, market reform and Krishna-Godavari basin output.

**Introduction**

India’s energy landscape faces rapid demand growth, requiring diversification and sustainability amid climate commitments.

**Current Energy Composition**

1. **Fossil Fuel Reliance**: Coal (over half of primary energy), oil and a small share of natural gas dominate consumption, with coal central to power generation.  
2. **Renewables Growth**: Non-fossil sources, including hydro, nuclear, wind⟦1⟧, and solar, make up 45.5% of installed capacity; solar capacity surged from 2.82 GW (2014) to 110 GW (2025).  
3. **Nuclear Capacity Targets**: Nuclear power at 1.8% now aims for 22 GW by 2031-32 and 100 GW by 2047, supporting energy security.

**Future Energy Security Challenges**

1. **Import Dependence and LNG Demand**: LNG demand is expected to reach 103 BCM by 2030, exposing India to global price and supply risks.  
2. **Infrastructure and Market Reforms**: Opening coal mining to private players and competitive power markets are vital for efficiency and investment.  
3. **Energy Trilemma Balance**: Managing grid flexibility and regional disparities is key to integrating renewables sustainably.  
4. **Andhra Pradesh’s Strategic Role⟦2⟧**: ==Andhra Pradesh’s coastline and industrial corridors bolster renewable capacity and energy logistics, enhancing regional security.==

**Impact of Growing Demand**

1. **Demand Surge Pressures Supply**: Doubling energy demand by 2047 requires massive capacity expansion.  
2. **Policy and Technology Support**: National Action Plan on Climate Change⟦3⟧ and Perform Achieve and Trade scheme promote efficiency and cleaner energy.  
3. **State-Level Demand Dynamics**: ==Andhra Pradesh’s agrarian and industrial growth drives energy demand, necessitating grid modernization.==

**Conclusion**

Accelerating renewables and reforms is essential for India’s energy security amid rising demand.

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