Explain any five salient features of the Indian Constitution.

Question

Ghissu Editorial · Accepted Answer

Five salient features of the Indian Constitution are its length as the world's longest written constitution, a federal structure with a unitary bias, parliamentary democracy, an independent judiciary with judicial review, and the Directive Principles of State Policy. Its Article 368 amendment procedure balances flexibility with the basic structure.

**Introduction**

The Indian Constitution⟦1⟧, adopted in 1950, is a comprehensive legal document structuring power, rights, and social change, shaped by landmark judgments like Kesavananda Bharati and Puttuswamy. It blends global constitutional ideas with India’s unique social fabric, guiding democratic governance and socio-economic development.

**Comprehensive Institutional Framework**

1. **Lengthiest Written Constitution**: With about 470 articles and 12 schedules, it addresses India’s complex governance needs, reflecting diversity and administrative detail unmatched globally.  
2. **Federal Structure with Unitary Bias**: It divides powers between Centre and states but centralises authority through provisions like Article 356 and the All India Services, ensuring national unity amid diversity.

**Implementation Challenges and Outcomes**

3. **Basic Structure Doctrine**: The Kesavananda Bharati case upheld constitutional morality by limiting amendments, preserving core values and preventing arbitrary changes to fundamental features.  
4. **Judicial Activism**: Judgments such as Puttuswamy (privacy as a fundamental right) and Anuj Garg expanded rights, reflecting progressive constitutionalism and the judiciary’s role in social transformation.  
5. **Centre-State Relations**: Central dominance has caused tensions, notably in ==Andhra Pradesh== post-bifurcation demands for Special Category Status, highlighting challenges in cooperative federalism.

**Pathways to Strengthen Governance**

6. **Enhance Cooperative Federalism**: Strengthening the Inter-State Council and respecting state autonomy can address regional aspirations and improve trust between Centre and states.  
7. **Judicial Reforms**: Technology adoption and capacity-building in courts can reduce delays and pendency, reinforcing timely access to justice and protection of constitutional rights.

**Conclusion**

The Constitution embodies secularism and constitutional morality, adapting through judicial interpretation and amendments to foster inclusive governance and social justice aligned with India’s democratic ideals.

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