Discuss any two constitutional amendments that have significantly affected the powers or functioning of the Indian judiciary.

First Amendment (1951)

Enacted to protect land reform laws and speech restrictions from judicial invalidation by introducing Articles 31A, 31B, and the Ninth Schedule, it facilitated socio-economic reforms but limited judicial review, notably aiding Andhra Pradesh in implementing agrarian reforms. It also addressed concerns raised by early Supreme Court rulings that struck down progressive legislation on fundamental rights grounds.

42nd Amendment21 (1976)

Known as the “mini-Constitution,” it curtailed judicial review by restricting Supreme Court jurisdiction (Article 32A), prioritizing Directive Principles over Fundamental Rights, and requiring larger benches and majorities to strike down laws. Enacted during Emergency, it centralized power affecting states like Andhra Pradesh under Article 257A, which allowed the Centre to deploy forces in the state. The Supreme Court’s Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India (1980) judgment struck down key provisions, reaffirming the Kesavananda Bharati (1973) basic structure doctrine and restoring judicial supremacy.

Promote Cooperative Federalism

Respect state autonomy, especially in sensitive regions like Andhra Pradesh, by balancing Centre-state relations through dialogue and constitutional mechanisms.

Enhance Transparency

Involve judicial experts in amendment scrutiny for democratic accountability, ensuring amendments do not undermine constitutional principles.