2026 · GS Paper 3 · Q8 · 10 marks
Discuss the aim and goals of Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity framework. Mention India's commitments and initiatives to achieve the goals and targets of this framework giving suitable examples. (Answer in 150 words)
In short
The Kunming-Montreal framework (2022) aims to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030 through four 2050 goals and 23 targets, including 30x30. India has aligned through an updated NBSAP with 23 national targets (2024) and initiatives such as Project Cheetah and MISHTI.
Model answer
Ghissu Editorial · Verified 4 Oct 2026 · 176 words
Four 2050 goals
Ecosystem integrity and no extinction (A), sustainable use (B), fair benefit-sharing from genetic resources (C) and finance and capacity (D).
Headline 2030 targets
Protecting 30% of land and sea (30x30), restoring 30% of degraded ecosystems and mobilising USD 200 billion a year.
Updated NBSAP
India released an updated National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan with 23 national targets at COP16 (2024), backed by the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Act, 2023.
Action on the ground
Project Cheetah (2022), MISHTI for mangroves, Amrit Dharohar for Ramsar wetlands and the Green Credit Programme (2023) drive restoration.
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Question from the official UPSC Civil Services (Main) Examination 2026 paper. Answer written by Ghissu's engine and checked against our editorial standards. Found an error? Tell us and we correct it within 48 hours.