Define immunity. Discuss the concept of vaccination and explain how the vaccine for OPT is produced conventionally.
In short
Immunity is the body's ability to resist pathogens, and vaccination builds it by introducing weakened or inactivated pathogens that create immune memory without disease. Oral Polio Vaccine is conventionally produced by growing live attenuated Sabin poliovirus strains in monkey kidney cell cultures, then purifying them into oral drops.
Model answer
Ghissu Editorial · Verified 4 Oct 2026 · 280 words
Universal Immunisation Programme
UIP covers 2.9 crore pregnant women and 2.54 crore newborns annually, reaching 98.4%1 full immunisation by 2026; Andhra Pradesh implements this through robust state health infrastructure ensuring vaccine access even in remote areas.
Global Equity Frameworks
India participates in the WHO Pandemic Agreement2 and PABS Annex, ensuring fair vaccine distribution during pandemics, benefiting Andhra Pradesh during emergencies by improving vaccine availability and equity.
Vaccine Hesitancy3
HPV vaccine uptake is hindered by gendered mistrust and social resistance; Andhra Pradesh combats this with targeted awareness programs and community engagement to build trust.
Logistical Barriers
Geographic diversity like the Rayalaseema drought belt challenges cold chain maintenance and outreach in Andhra Pradesh, requiring tailored strategies to ensure timely immunisation.
Vaccination Principle
Vaccines stimulate active immunity by exposing the immune system to weakened pathogens, forming memory cells that enable rapid response upon future exposure.
Conventional OPV Production
OPV is produced by growing attenuated poliovirus in monkey kidney cell cultures, which are then purified and formulated into oral drops; this induces strong gut mucosal immunity and is central to India’s Pulse Polio Programme.
Eradication Impact
OPV use has helped India achieve polio-free status, including in Andhra Pradesh districts, significantly reducing polio incidence and transmission.
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Human diseases; genetic engineering basics; biotechnology in agriculture; vaccines54 questions
Asked in 8 of 8 sittings since 2008
Most tested: Vaccines and immunisation, alongside GM crops/biotech agriculture.
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Question from the official APPSC Group-I Mains 2011 paper. Answer written by Ghissu's engine and checked against our editorial standards. Found an error? Tell us and we correct it within 48 hours.