Discuss in detail about HIV virus; also mention the symptoms associated with the infection, preventive measures and diagnostic test for disease confirmation.
In short
HIV is a retrovirus that destroys CD4 T-helper cells, causing flu-like illness, a long silent phase and finally AIDS with opportunistic infections. It is screened by ELISA, confirmed by Western blot or nucleic acid tests, and prevented through safe sex, safe blood and needles, and free ART.
Model answer
Ghissu Editorial · Verified 4 Oct 2026 · 256 words
HIV/AIDS remains a critical challenge in India, demanding robust institutional frameworks, clinical management, and prevention strategies to meet SDG 3.3 goals of ending the epidemic as a public health threat by 2030.
Institutional Framework and Capacity
1. National AIDS Control Organisation1 (NACO): Established in 1992, NACO leads India’s HIV/AIDS response, coordinating prevention, testing, and treatment, with targeted interventions in Andhra Pradesh to reduce new infections and stigma. 2. Legal Protections: The HIV/AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017, prohibits discrimination and ensures confidentiality, with state ombudsmen including in Andhra Pradesh to address violations and protect patient rights.
Diagnostic Tests
ELISA screening followed by Western blot or nucleic acid tests confirm diagnosis; CD4 counts below 200 cells/mm³ indicate advanced disease, while viral load testing monitors treatment efficacy, with these services available in Andhra Pradesh healthcare centers.
ART and Community Efforts
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces viral load and transmission risk; free ART and community initiatives like Mission Sampark in Andhra Pradesh enhance treatment access, adherence, and stigma reduction among high-risk groups.
Enhance Awareness and Infrastructure
Expand community education and stigma reduction programs, especially in rural and marginalized areas of Andhra Pradesh, and improve access to rapid and confirmatory HIV testing facilities.
Scale Up ART
Increase ART coverage and adherence support through government programs to achieve viral suppression and improve patient outcomes.
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Question from the official APPSC Group-I Mains 2011 paper. Answer written by Ghissu's engine and checked against our editorial standards. Found an error? Tell us and we correct it within 48 hours.