Define nuclear energy. Discuss briefly on the mitigation of nuclear hazards and nuclear waste.

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Ghissu Editorial · Accepted Answer

Nuclear energy is energy released by controlled nuclear fission, a low-emission and reliable power source. Its hazards are mitigated through AERB safety regulation, layered reactor safety and emergency preparedness, while radioactive waste needs interim storage, recycling research and long-term geological repositories.

**Introduction**

Nuclear energy, generated through controlled fission, is crucial for India’s clean energy transition and meeting its NDC target of 50% non-fossil capacity by 2030, emphasizing safety and waste management.

**Institutional Framework**

1. **AERB’s Role**: The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board⟦1⟧ governs safety, licensing, and emergency preparedness across nuclear installations.  
2. **Legal Clarity**: The Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India Bill, 2025, introduces a tiered liability framework for nuclear accidents.  
3. **Global Norms**: India’s founding IAEA membership and its 2016 ratification of the Convention on Supplementary Compensation facilitate international nuclear safety cooperation.  
4. **State Implementation**: ==Andhra Pradesh has no operating nuclear plant but hosts the Tummalapalle uranium mine and the proposed Kovvada plant, so state disaster authorities must plan radiological safety.==

**Challenges and Outcomes**

1. **Safety and Emergency Plans**: Multiple safety layers and updated emergency protocols minimize accident risks and public exposure.  
2. **Waste Management**: Advanced reactors like Fast Breeder and High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors reduce waste volume; Rs 20,000 crore allocated for SMR research under the Nuclear Energy Mission⟦2⟧ for Viksit Bharat⟦3⟧.  
3. **Public Acceptance**: Transparent governance and communication are vital, especially in ==Andhra Pradesh’s coastal belt where energy infrastructure intersects industrial corridors.==

**Way Forward**

1. **Enhance AERB Capacity**: Strengthen technical and human resources to manage emerging nuclear technologies.  
2. **Boost Indigenous R&D**: Accelerate SMR and waste recycling development through BARC, IGCAR and universities, including in ==Andhra Pradesh==.  
3. **Waste Disposal Solutions**: Develop geological repositories and improve interim storage using international best practices.  
4. **Public Engagement**: Promote awareness and participatory decision-making in nuclear project areas.

**Conclusion**

Nuclear energy supports India’s climate goals and energy security; robust hazard mitigation and waste management, backed by institutional reforms and innovation, will ensure safe, sustainable growth aligned with Atmanirbhar Bharat and SDG 9.

Define nuclear energy. Discuss briefly on the mitigation of nuclear hazards and nuclear waste.

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