Describe the major threats to bio-diversity. Explain different types of bio-diversities.

Three-Tier Biodiversity Governance

The Biological Diversity Act, 2002, and National Biodiversity Rules, 2004, establish the National Biodiversity Authority, State Biodiversity Boards, and over 2,76,653 Biodiversity Management Committees with People’s Biodiversity Registers, including Andhra Pradesh, ensuring integrated conservation and equitable benefit sharing.

Protected Areas2 and Scientific Advisory

Expansion to 1,134 protected areas safeguards keystone species like tigers and elephants; the National Board for Wildlife advises on policy, ensuring science-based conservation aligned with legal frameworks and community participation.

Genetic, Species, and Ecosystem Diversity

India’s agro-biodiversity supports food security and resilience; hotspots like the Western Ghats and Himalayas host endemic species; ten biogeographic zones sustain diverse ecosystems vital for services like nutrient cycling, climate regulation, and water purification.

Habitat Loss and Infrastructure

The Great Nicobar Project3 (₹80,000 crore) and habitat fragmentation in Eastern Ghats disrupt ecosystems and endemic species, reducing forest connectivity and threatening biodiversity hotspots.

Wildfires and Conservation Conflicts

Nilgiris wildfires4 illustrate the fragile human-ecosystem linkages; sanctuary creation in Saranda highlights tensions between conservation goals and tribal displacement5, underscoring the need for inclusive approaches.