Write a brief note on aetiology, mode of spread, symptoms, treatment and preventive measures of malarial…

Question

Write a brief note on aetiology, mode of spread, symptoms, treatment and preventive measures of malarial parasite?

Ghissu Editorial · Accepted Answer

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, mainly falciparum and vivax, spread by the bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes and causing fever, chills, headache and fatigue. It is treated with drugs such as chloroquine and primaquine, and prevented through treated nets, indoor residual spraying, vaccines like R21 and early diagnosis.

**Introduction**

Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes, remains a public health challenge in tropical areas like ==Andhra Pradesh==. India has reduced malaria cases and deaths significantly from 2017 to 2023, supported by national programs and improved health infrastructure.

**Institutional Framework and Capacity**

1. **National Strategic Plan and IMEP-3⟦1⟧**: India’s National Strategic Plan (2023-27) targets zero indigenous malaria cases by 2030, with the Intensified Malaria Elimination Project (IMEP)-3 and Test, Treat, Track strategy strengthening surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment, especially in ==Andhra Pradesh==. These initiatives enhance capacity at primary health centres and community levels.  
2. **Vaccine Advances**: WHO-approved vaccines RTS,S/AS01 and R21/Matrix-M mark breakthroughs; India’s participation in trials and deployment is vital for complementing vector control and reducing disease burden.

**Challenges and Responses**

3. **Drug Resistance and Treatment**: Drug-resistant P. falciparum strains complicate treatment; artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are increasingly used alongside chloroquine and primaquine in ==Andhra Pradesh==. Continuous monitoring by the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme ensures timely updates to treatment protocols.  
4. **Vector Control and Prevention**: Insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying remain frontline measures, but insecticide resistance and mosquito behavioural adaptation require integrated vector management approaches, including environmental management and community participation.

**Way Forward**

5. **Surveillance and Community Engagement**: Strengthening digital surveillance systems and community education in ==Andhra Pradesh== improves early diagnosis, treatment adherence, and outbreak response, reducing transmission cycles.

**Conclusion**

India’s coordinated efforts, including IMEP-3 and vaccine deployment, offer hope for malaria elimination by 2030, with focused action in ==Andhra Pradesh== critical to achieving SDG 3.3.

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