Write a short note on the following: (i) Broadband digital communication (ii) Fixed-Satellite Services (FSS)

Question

Ghissu Editorial · Accepted Answer

Broadband digital communication is always-on, high-speed internet over fibre, wireless and satellite links, while Fixed-Satellite Services (FSS) are satellite links between fixed earth stations used for VSAT networks, TV distribution and backhaul. BharatNet fibre serves dense areas, and FSS reaches islands, hills and seas where terrestrial networks cannot.

**Introduction**

Broadband digital communication (always-on, high-speed internet) and Fixed-Satellite Services (FSS, satellite links between fixed earth stations such as VSATs) are crucial for India’s socio-economic growth and digital empowerment, with significant initiatives in ==Andhra Pradesh==. These technologies bridge the digital divide, enabling remote work, education, and governance, especially post-pandemic.

**Institutional Framework**

1. **BharatNet⟦1⟧ and National Broadband Mission**: These programs have expanded optical fibre networks to over 2.15 lakh Gram Panchayats, strengthening rural⟦2⟧ connectivity in ==Andhra Pradesh== and supporting the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) schemes targeting aspirational districts.  
2. **TRAI and DoT Spectrum Policies**: The Telecom Act 2023 and TRAI Recommendations facilitate spectrum allocation for FSS, encouraging private investment and affordable satellite broadband. Liberalization allowing 100% FDI has further boosted private sector participation.

**Implementation and Impact**

1. **FSS Connectivity in Remote Regions**: FSS enables broadband in difficult terrains and islands, as in ==Lakshadweep==, which relied on satellite links until the Kochi-Lakshadweep submarine cable arrived in 2024.  
2. **Digital Divide and Literacy**: Despite progress, rural internet tele-density is 46.73%⟦3⟧, with only 28% of rural women having internet access, necessitating focused digital literacy programs in ==Andhra Pradesh==. This gap is pronounced in drought-prone and remote regions like ==Rayalaseema==.

**Way Forward**

1. **R&D and Indigenous Capabilities**: Leveraging ==ISRO’s Sriharikota== launch facility to boost satellite manufacturing and reduce costs, enhancing service reliability and innovation.  
2. **Inclusion Programs**: Targeted digital literacy in rural and drought-affected areas of ==Andhra Pradesh== to bridge gender and regional divides, ensuring equitable access to digital services.

**Conclusion**

Sustained policy support and technological innovation in broadband and FSS are essential for inclusive digital growth in India.

కింది వాటిపై లఘుటీక రాయండి: (i) బ్రాడ్‌బ్యాండ్ డిజిటల్ కమ్యూనికేషన్ (ii) ఫిక్స్‌డ్-శాటిలైట్ సర్వీసెస్ (FSS)

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