What are the steps followed by the Indian Parliament in transforming a Bill into an Act?

Introduction and First Reading

Bills can be introduced in either House by ministers or members; the Bill’s title and objectives are read without debate and published in the Gazette.

Second Reading and Committee Stage

Bills are referred to Select Committees or Joint Committees, such as the Select Committee of Lok Sabha1 on the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions2) Bill, 2025 (Chair: Mr. Tejasvi Surya), for detailed clause-by-clause scrutiny and amendments.

Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Roles

Both Houses must agree on the Bill’s text; Money Bills originate only in Lok Sabha, highlighting its financial supremacy, while Rajya Sabha’s committee work ensures detailed scrutiny.

President’s Assent

After passage by both Houses, the Bill is sent to the President who can give assent, withhold it, or return the Bill (except Money Bills); assent is mandatory if Parliament passes the Bill again.

Money Bills and Constitutional Amendments

The Rajya Sabha must return Money Bills within 14 days with only recommendations; constitutional amendment Bills require special majorities and state ratification.

Committees and Joint Sessions

Select Committees of Lok Sabha3 and Joint Committees of both Houses, plus Joint Sessions, resolve disagreements, exemplified by the Select Committee on the Income Tax Bill, 2025.