Discuss the scope and nature of the Freedom of Speech and Expression in India. Explain the emerging dimensions of the freedom.
In short
Article 19(1)(a) guarantees broad freedom of speech and expression, including press freedom and the right to know, subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2) read narrowly by courts, as when Shreya Singhal (2015) struck down Section 66A. Emerging dimensions include online speech, internet shutdowns and the IT Rules 2021.
Model answer
Ghissu Editorial · Verified 4 Oct 2026 · 279 words
Judicial Guardianship
Landmark rulings like Shreya Singhal (2015) struck down vague laws such as Section 66A IT Act, while IPC Section 295A balances religious sentiments; and State of U.P. v. Raj Narain (1975) linked the citizen’s right to know with freedom of speech, the basis of the RTI regime, reinforcing participatory democracy.
Digital Expression and Censorship
Over 300 internet shutdowns (2018-2023) and IT Rules, 2021 impose restrictions on digital speech, raising privacy and expression concerns. These measures have sparked debates on balancing regulation with digital rights.
Societal Diversity and Hate Speech
The Karnataka Hate Speech Bill2 debates illustrate tensions between protecting free speech and regulating hate speech in India’s plural society. Police actions against online hate speech targeting minorities highlight the challenge of maintaining communal harmony without stifling expression.
Strengthening Institutions
Calls for autonomous media regulators and judicial mechanisms aim to protect democratic discourse from executive overreach, addressing concerns raised by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting’s current regulatory framework.
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Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties5 questions
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Question from the official TGPSC Group-I Mains 2016 paper. Answer written by Ghissu's engine and checked against our editorial standards. Found an error? Tell us and we correct it within 48 hours.