In dealing with socio-economic issues of development, what kind of collaboration between government, NGOs and private sector would be most productive?

Poverty, malnutrition and learning deficits are too large for the state alone and too public for markets alone. The most productive collaboration lets each sector do what it does best, keeps the state accountable and ties payment to outcomes, in the spirit of Article 38.

What Each Partner Brings to Development

Tri-sector Development Partnership a: Government: scale, funds b: NGOs: trust, last mile c: Private: capital, technology overlap: Outcome-based partnership

1. Government as anchor: The state sets goals, finances at scale and regulates, as the Aspirational Districts Programme (2018) ranks districts on outcome indicators while NITI Aayog's partners, such as Piramal Foundation, support district teams. 2. NGOs as the last mile: Voluntary groups mobilise communities and innovate cheaply, as Pratham's Teaching at the Right Level, adopted by several states, shows. 3. Private sector as enabler: Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 channels 2% of eligible companies' average net profit into CSR, adding capital and technology.