2025 · GS Paper 1 · Q3 · 10 marks

The sculptors filled the Chandella artform with resilient vigor and breadth of life.' Elucidate.

In short

Chandella sculptors at Khajuraho gave their figures vigour through deep high relief and twisting tribhanga poses, and breadth by carving gods, surasundaris, lovers, soldiers and musicians side by side. The Lakshmana temple frieze of 954 CE records court and camp life in stone.

Model answer

Ghissu Editorial · Verified 4 Oct 2026

Introduction
The Chandella kings raised the temples of Khajuraho between about 950 and 1050 CE, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1986. Their sculptors gave buff sandstone vigour of form and a breadth of theme that spans gods, lovers, soldiers and daily life.
Resilient Vigour in the Chandella Form
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Deep high relief

Figures on the Kandariya Mahadeva temple (c. 1030 CE) are cut almost in the round, so light and shadow make the wall pulse with bodies.

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Twisting bodies

The tribhanga pose and figures turned to show back and front give even a resting apsara a sense of arrested motion.

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Endurance

Hard sandstone and a remote site kept this crisp detail intact for a thousand years.

Breadth of Life in Chandella Themes
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Sacred beside worldly

Shiva and Vishnu share walls with surasundaris applying kohl, writing a letter or pulling a thorn from the foot.

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Life of the age

The Lakshmana temple's base frieze (954 CE) shows soldiers, war elephants, hunts, musicians and teachers with pupils.

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Kama as a goal of life

Devangana Desai reads the mithuna couples as auspicious and partly Tantric imagery, and they affirm kama as a purushartha while forming a small share of the carving.

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Plural faith

Hindu and Jain shrines, such as the Parshvanatha temple, share one complex and one style.

Conclusion
Chandella sculpture joined technical vigour to a full view of human life and gave Nagara art its most confident voice. Its walls record a culture that saw the sacred and the worldly as one, from devotion to desire to war.

This model answer is indicative and the model can make mistakes; please verify key facts independently.

Hand-drawn diagram: Range of Khajuraho Sculpture. Range of Khajuraho Sculpture. Diagram (spectrum): Range of Khajuraho Sculpture; Sacred; Secular; Shiva, Vishnu; Surasundaris; Mithuna couples; Musicians, teachers; Armies, hunts
Diagram: Range of Khajuraho Sculpture

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Question from the official UPSC Civil Services (Main) Examination 2025 paper. Answer written by Ghissu's engine and checked against our editorial standards. Found an error? Tell us and we correct it within 48 hours.

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