What is the difference between a National party and a Regional party, in case of parties recognised by the Election Commission of India ? Explain the features of the Indian party system.

Recognition by ECI

National parties must secure 6% votes in four or more states plus four Lok Sabha seats or 2% seats from three states; Regional parties require 6% votes and two assembly seats in one state. Since a 2016 amendment, recognition is reviewed after two consecutive elections, still based on performance to ensure broad-based electoral support.

Symbol and Legislative Presence

National parties have reserved symbols nationwide and pan-India legislative presence; Regional parties’ symbols and influence are confined to their states, limiting their electoral branding and legislative reach.

Coalition and Regional Influence

Regional parties articulate local identities and influence Centre-State relations, exemplified by the Telugu Desam Party's exit from the NDA in 2018 and return in 2024, highlighting the impact of regional aspirations on national politics.

Funding and Transparency

Analysis of 31 parties shows electoral bonds account for 55.9% of funding, with Rs.3,438 crore raised in 2019-20, before the Supreme Court struck down the scheme in 2024, raising concerns about transparency and accountability in party financing, affecting both National and Regional parties.

Strengthen Internal Democracy

Political parties must institutionalise transparent leadership selection and candidate nomination to reduce factionalism and enhance accountability.

Enhance Funding Transparency

Reforming party funding mechanisms is essential to curb opaque electoral financing and ensure fair competition.