Critically examine different models of secularism in India.

Question

Ghissu Editorial · Accepted Answer

India has three models of secularism: principled distance, where the state may reform religious practice under Article 25; equal respect (sarva dharma sambhava); and a strict Western wall of separation. Principled distance applied consistently with equal respect suits India best, and SR Bommai made secularism part of the basic structure.

**Introduction**

India’s secularism, central to its constitutional identity, manages religious diversity through distinct models reflecting its pluralistic society.

**Models of Secularism**

1. **Principled Distance Model**: Permits state intervention in religion to reform harmful practices, grounded in Article 25 and exemplified by the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act (2019).  
2. **Equal Respect Model (Sarva Dharma Sambhava)**: Emphasizes equal respect for all religions, with state support for religious events like the Kumbh Mela (the Haj subsidy ended in 2018), reflecting India’s inclusive ethos.

**Critical Evaluation**

1. **Principled Distance**: Balances religious freedom⟦1⟧ and social reform but risks perceptions of bias and communal backlash, as in the Karnataka hijab dispute.  
2. **Equal Respect**: Encourages social cohesion but criticized for fostering “pseudo-secularism” and vote-bank politics, undermining neutrality.

**Practical Challenges**

1. **Religious Diversity and Communalism**: Rising majoritarianism and fundamentalism threaten secularism’s core, with communal riots and politicization of religion increasing.  
2. **Legal Complexities**: Personal laws and the Uniform Civil Code debate complicate secular application; ==Telangana’s== post-statehood communal harmony shows regional sensitivities.  
3. **Political Exploitation**: Secularism’s accommodation models are vulnerable to vote-bank politics, deepening divides and undermining constitutional morality.  
4. **Judicial Role**: Courts balance religious freedom and social justice, as in the Shirur Mutt and Sabarimala cases, but face resistance from conservative groups.

**Way Forward**

1. **Strengthen Constitutional Morality**: Promote fraternity and equality through education and discourse.  
2. **Enhance Principled Intervention**: Develop transparent, consultative state mechanisms sensitive to community sentiments.

**Conclusion**

India’s secularism models reflect its pluralism but require vigilant protection against communalism and political misuse to uphold constitutional values.

Critically examine different models of secularism in India.

Model answer

Practise this question

Social issues: poverty, unemployment, communalism, corruption, migration2 questions

Ghissu